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We present the design, construction and characterization of Bitter-typeelectromagnets which can generate high magnetic fields under continuousoperation with efficient heat removal for cold atom experiments. Theelectromagnets are constructed from a stack of alternating layers consisting ofcopper arcs and insulating polyester spacers. Efficient cooling of the copperis achieved via parallel rectangular water cooling channels between copperlayers with low resistance to flow; a high ratio of the water-cooled surfacearea to the volume of copper ensures a short length scale ~1 mm to extractdissipated heat. High copper fraction per layer ensures high magnetic fieldgenerated per unit energy dissipated. The ensemble is highly scalable andcompressed to create a watertight seal without epoxy. From our measurements, apeak field of 770 G is generated 14 mm away from a single electromagnet with acurrent of 400 A and a total power dissipation of 1.6 kW. With cooling waterflowing at 3.8 l/min, the coil temperature only increases by 7 degrees Celsiusunder continuous operation.

Efficient Continuous-Duty Bitter-Type Electromagnets for Cold Atom Experiments