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We present a practical method that can make quantum key distribution (QKD),for the first time, both ultra-long-distance and immune to all attacks in thedetection system. This method is an important extension of themeasurement-device-independent QKD (MDI-QKD) - MDI-QKD with entangled photonsources in the middle. By proposing a general model and simulating anentanglement based QKD experiment, we find that MDI-QKD with one entangledphoton source in the middle can practically tolerate 77 dB combined loss (367kmstandard telecom fiber) in the asymptotic limit, and it can still tolerate 60dB combined loss (286km standard telecom fiber) in the finite-key case withstate-of-the-art detectors. Our general model can also be applied to othernon-QKD experiments involving entangled photon sources and Bell statemeasurements.

Long distance measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution with entangled photon sources