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The relative efficiency of a thermoelectric material is measured in terms of a dimensionless figure of merit, ZT. Though all known thermoelectric materials are believed to have ZT≤1, recent theoretical results predict that thermoelectric devices fabricated as two‐dimensional quantum wells (2D QWs) or one‐dimensional (1D) quantum wires could have ZT≥3. Multilayers with the dimensions of 2D QWs have been synthesized by alternately sputtering Bi0.9Sb0.1 and PbTe0.8Se0.2 onto a moving single‐crystal sapphire substrate from dual magnetrons. These materials have been used to test the thermoelectric quantum‐well concept and gain insight into relevant transport mechanisms. If successful, this research could lead to thermoelectric devices that have efficiencies close to that of an ideal Carnot engine. Ultimately, such devices could be used to replace conventional heat engines and mechanical refrigeration systems.

Sputter deposition of multilayer thermoelectric films: An approach to the fabrication of two-dimensional quantum wells