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Many important processes at the microscale require far-from-equilibriumconditions to occur, as in the functioning of mesoscopic bioreactors,nanoscopic rotors, and nanoscale mass conveyors. Achieving such conditions,however, is typically based on energy inputs that strongly affect the thermalproperties of the environment and the controllability of the system itself.Here, we present a general class of far-from-equilibrium processes thatsuppress the net thermal exchange with the environment by maintaining theMaxwell-Boltzmann velocity distribution intact. This new phenomenon, referredto as ghost equilibrium, results from the statistical cancellation ofsuperheated and subcooled nonequilibrated degrees of freedom that areautonomously generated through a microscale energy sorting process. We providegeneral conditions to observe this phenomenon and study its implications formanipulating energy at the microscale. The results are applied explicitly totwo mechanistically different cases, an ensemble of rotational dipoles and agas of trapped particles, which encompass a great variety of common situationsinvolving both rotational and translational degrees of freedom.

Far-from-equilibrium processes without net thermal exchange via energy sorting