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Recent progress in understanding the physics of magnetic reconnection isconveniently summarized in terms of a phase diagram which organizes theessential dynamics for a wide variety of applications in heliophysics,laboratory and astrophysics. The two key dimensionless parameters are theLundquist number and the macrosopic system size in units of the ion soundgyroradius. In addition to the conventional single X-line collisional andcollisionless phases, multiple X-line reconnection phases arise due to thepresence of the plasmoid instability either in collisional and collisionlesscurrent sheets. In particular, there exists a unique phase termed "multipleX-line hybrid phase" where a hierarchy of collisional islands or plasmoids isterminated by a collisionless current sheet, resulting in a rapid couplingbetween the macroscopic and kinetic scales and a mixture of collisional andcollisionless dynamics. The new phases involving multiple X-lines andcollisionless physics may be important for the emerging applications ofmagnetic reconnection to accelerate charged particles beyond their thermalspeeds. A large number of heliophysical and astrophysical plasmas are surveyedand grouped in the phase diagram: Earth's magnetosphere, solar plasmas(chromosphere, corona, wind and tachocline), galactic plasmas (molecularclouds, interstellar media, accretion disks and their coronae, Crab nebula, SgrA*, gamma ray bursts, magnetars), extragalactic plasmas (Active Galactic Nucleidisks and their coronae, galaxy clusters, radio lobes, and extragalactic jets).Significance of laboratory experiments, including a next generationreconnection experiment, is also discussed.

Phase Diagram for Magnetic Reconnection in Heliophysical, Astrophysical and Laboratory Plasmas