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The usual method for replacing the partial monolayer of cesium which is removed by sputtering from the surface of the converter electrode of a surface production negative ion source, is to allow cesium atoms to condense or adsorb onto this surface. While this method is easily employed for short pulsed source operation, it becomes increasingly difficult in the dc case because of the high probability of ionization of the cesium atoms as they pass through the discharge. In this paper, we attempt to analyse the severity of this problem in which cesium arrives at the converter surface as an energetic ion rather than as a thermal atom.

Effects of cesium in the plasma of the surface conversion H− source