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H-atoms in H$_2$O are rearranged by strong optical fields generated byintense, 10 fs laser pulses to form H$_2^+$, against prevailing wisdom thatstrong fields inevitably lead to multiple molecular ionization and thesubsequent Coulomb explosion into fragments. This atomic rearrangement is shownto occur within a single 10 fs pulse. Comparison with results obtained with$\sim$300-attosecond long strong fields generated using fast Si$^{8+}$ ionshelps establish thresholds for field strength and time required for suchrearrangements. Quantum-chemical calculations reveal that H$_2^+$ originates inthe $^1$A state of H$_2$O$^{2+}$ when the O-H bond elongates to 1.15 a.u. andthe H-O-H angle becomes 120$^o$. Bond formation on the ultrafast timescale ofmolecular vibrations (10 fs for H$_2^+$) has hitherto not been reported.

Strong fields induce ultrafast rearrangement of H-atoms in H$_2$O