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Films of LiMn2O4 prepared by pulsed laser ablation deposition are typically lithium deficient when grown at background pressures ranging between 10−4 and 20 Pa. The deficiency of light atomic species such as lithium in LiMn2O4 thin films occurs as a result of the different behavior of the species during plume expansion and the deposition of the film at elevated deposition temperatures. The plasma plume evolution in vacuum and 20 Pa oxygen pressure are studied using two spectroscopic techniques: emission spectroscopy and plume imaging. Higher velocities and a wider spatial distribution of lithium atoms are observed in vacuum when compared with manganese and oxygen species. Plume species are slowed down due to collisions with gas molecules when ablating LiMn2O4 in an oxygen atmosphere. As a result, a strong deceleration of the plasma front occurs, and the effect is more pronounced for the light species, e.g., Li. Comparing the spatial manganese and lithium distribution within the plasma, the lithium species...

Mechanisms of the laser plume expansion during the ablation of LiMn2O4