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In order to study the vortex pinning determined by artificially introducedpinning centers in the small-vortex displacement regime, we measured themicrowave surface impedance at 47.7 GHz in the mixed state ofYBa$_{2}$Cu$_{3}$O$_{7-\delta}$ thin films, where sub-micrometric BaZrO$_3$particles have been incorporated. As a function of the BaZrO$_3$ content, weobserve that the absolute losses slightly decrease up to a BaZrO$_3$ content of5%, and then increase. We found that the magnetic-field-induced losses behavedifferently, in that they are not monotonic with increasing BaZrO$_3$concentration: at small concentration (2.5%) the field-induced losses increase,but large reduction of the losses themselves, by factors up to 3, is observedupon further increasing the BaZrO$_3$ concentration in the target up to 7%.Using measurements of both surface resistance and surface reactance we estimatevortex pinning-related parameters. We find that BaZrO$_3$ inclusions introducedeep and steep pinning wells. In particular, the minimum height of the energybarrier for single vortices is raised. At larger BaZrO$_3$ content (5% and 7%)the phenomenon is at its maximum, but it is unclear whether it shows asaturation or not, thus leaving room for further improvements.

journal of applied physics

Reduction of the field-dependent microwave surface resistance in  YBa_2Cu_3O_7 with sub-micrometric BaZrO_3 inclusions as a function of BaZrO_3  concentration