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Thermal motion gives rise to fluctuations in free surfaces; the propagationof the thermally excited waves on such surfaces depends on the mechanicalproperties of the medium. Their measurement can therefore provide informationon those properties. We have developed an optical tool to probe the thermallyexcited waves on free surfaces: Surface Fluctuation Specular Reflection (SFSR)spectroscopy. It consists in measuring the fluctuations in the position of alaser beam, which is specularly reflected onto the free surface of a medium,and is therefore sensitive to the roughness of that surface. We show how themeasured signal is related to the medium properties. We also presentmeasurements performed on Newtonian liquids as well as on a viscoelastic solid;we show that, in all cases, there is a very good agreement between experimentaland computed spectra. SFSR thus applies to a broad range of materials. Itmoreover offers a very good temporal resolution and should provide a usefultool for dynamical measurements on complex fluids.

Probing thermal waves on the free surface of various media: Surface Fluctuation Specular Reflection Spectroscopy