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We review current research related to spectroscopy of gamma-ray burst (GRB)afterglows with particular emphasis on the interstellar medium (ISM) of thegalaxies hosting these high redshift events. These studies reveal the physicalconditions of star-forming galaxies and yield clues to the nature of the GRBprogenitor. We offer a pedagogical review of the experimental design and reviewcurrent results. The majority of sightlines are characterized by large HIcolumn densities, negligible molecular fraction, the ubiquitous detection of UVpumped fine-structure transitions, and metallicities ranging from 1/100 tonearly solar abundance.

Resolving The ISM Surrounding GRBs with Afterglow Spectroscopy