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We develop a model approach to describe charge fluctuations and differentcharge phases in strongly correlated 3d oxides. As a generic model system oneconsiders that of centers each with three possible valence states described inframes of pseudo-spin (isospin) formalism by an effective anisotropicnon-Heisenberg Hamiltonian. Simple uniform mean-field phases include aninsulating monovalent phase, mixed-valence binary disproportionated phase, andmixed-valence ternary under-disproportionated phase. We consider two firstphases in more details focusing on the problem of electron/hole states anddifferent types of excitons in monovalent phase and formation of electron-holeBose liquid in disproportionated phase. Pseudo-spin formalism provides a usefulframework for revealing and describing different topological chargefluctuations, in particular, like domain walls or bubble domains inantiferromagnets. All the insulating systems such as monovalent phase may besubdivided to two classes: stable and unstable ones with regard to theformation of self-trapped charge transfer (CT) excitons. The latter systemsappear to be unstable with regard to the formation of CT exciton clusters, ordroplets of the electron-hole Bose liquid. The model approach suggested isbelieved to be applied to describe a physics of strongly correlated oxides withcharge transfer excitonic instability and a mixed valence. We shortly discussan unconventional scenario of the essential physics of cuprates and manganitesthat implies their instability with regard to the self-trapping of chargetransfer excitons and the formation of electron-hole Bose liquid.

Charge states of strongly correlated 3d oxides: from typical insulator to unconventional electron–hole Bose liquid