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The adsorbate species present during partial oxidation of methanol on a Cu(110) surface have been investigated in the 10–5 mbar range with in situ x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and rate measurements. Two reaction intermediates were identified, methoxy with a C 1s binding energy (BE) of 285.4 eV and formate with a C 1s BE of 287.7 eV. The c(2×2) overlayer formed under reaction conditions is assigned to formate. Two states of adsorbed oxygen were found characterized by O 1s BE's of 529.6 and 528.9 eV, respectively. On the inactive surface present at low T around 300–350 K formate dominates while methoxy is almost absent. Ignition of the reaction correlates with a decreasing formate coverage. A large hysteresis of 200 K occurs in T-cycling experiments whose correlation with adsorbate species was studied with varying oxygen and methanol partial pressures. The two branches of the hysteresis differ mainly in the amount of adsorbed oxygen, the methoxy species, and a carbonaceous species. Methoxy covers only a minor part of the catalytic surface reaching at most 20%. Above 650 K the surface is largely adsorbate-free

Adsorbate coverages and surface reactivity in methanol oxidation over Cu(110): An in situ photoelectron spectroscopy study