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Single ferroelectric lead titanate (PTO) grains down to 15 nm were fabricated by chemical solution deposition. Varying the dilution of the precursor solution leads to different grain sizes between 15 and 200 nm. The grain-size-dependent domain configuration was studied using three-dimensional piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM). It is found that the PTO grains in a dense film contain laminar 90° domain walls, whereas separated PTO grains show more complicated structures of mainly 180° domain walls. For grains smaller than 20 nm, no piezoresponse was observed and we suppose this could be due to the transition from the ferroelectric to the superparaelectric phase which has no spontaneous polarization. Recent calculations showed that the ferroelectricity of fine ferroelectric particles decrease with decreasing particle size. From these experiments the extrapolated critical size of PTO particles was found to be around 4–14 nm.

Piezoresponse force microscopy of lead titanate nanograins possibly reaching the limit of ferroelectricity