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The effect of the nonideal response characteristics of electrostatic analyzers is described and equations are derived, which allow a calculation of the distortion that this causes in measurements of angular and energy distributions of electrons from atomic collisions, especially in electron impact. Examples are given that show how a contamination as small as 10−5 from spurious electrons generated inside an analyzer can explain the peak seen at zero angle in some angular distribution measurements and the filling in of the minimum in the energy distributions in others.

Spurious electrons in electron spectrometers and their effect on differential electron impact ionization cross-section measurements