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Fluid-saturated granular and porous layers can undergo liquefaction and losetheir shear resistance when subjected to shear forcing. In geosystems, such aprocess can lead to severe natural hazards of soil liquefaction, acceleratingslope failure, and large earthquakes. Terzaghi's principle of effective stresspredicts that liquefaction occurs when the pore pressure within the layerbecomes equal to the applied normal stress on the layer. However, under dynamicloading and when the internal permeability is relatively small the porepressure is spatially heterogeneous and it is not clear what measurement ofpore pressure should be used in Terzaghi's principle. Here, we showtheoretically and demonstrate using numerical simulations a general criterionfor liquefaction that applies also for the cases in which the pore pressure isspatially heterogeneous. The general criterion demands that the average porepressure along a continuous surface within the fluid-saturated granular orporous layer is equal to the applied normal stress.

A General Criterion for Liquefaction in Granular Layers with Heterogeneous Pore Pressure