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We consider a budget constrained rail network electrification problem withassociated changes in costs of energy usage (via path gradient and curvature),operations, and long-term maintenance. In particular, we consider that freightflows on such a network form a user equilibrium. Interactions between electricand diesel trains on the same corridor are represented with nonseparable linkperformance functions, which nevertheless have a symmetric Jacobian. Thisbi-level formulation is solved for the North American railroad network using agenetic algorithm (GA), incorporating domain-specific insights to reduce thenumber of solutions which must be considered. We analyze solutioncharacteristics and decision-making implications. Results show that broadconnectivity would be beneficial for most impact. Increasing demand shiftselectrified corridors towards the more populous east and gulf coasts, whileincreased operational costs results in electrification of routes throughmountainous terrains.

Budget-constrained rail electrification modeling using symmetric traffic assignment -- a North American case study