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temesis and melena. He had received an uncovered nitinol self−expanding metal stent (SEMS) 2 months previously for in− operable obstructive hilar cholangiocar− cinoma. Upper endoscopy revealed a normal esophagus, stomach, and duodenal bulb. At the duodenal wall opposite the papilla, a large ulceration with hematin spot (l" Fig. 1) had formed as a result of SEMS impaction. We decided to shorten the stent with argon plasma coagulation (APC). For this procedure we used a duo− denoscope and an ERBE generator (APC settings: power 80 W, flow rate 1.8 l/min− ute). The section was done circumferen− tially 1 cm from the papilla (l" Fig. 2), and the stent was shortened by 1.5 cm (l" Fig. 3). During his hospitalization the patient was making progress and his he− matocrit was stable. He was discharged 4 days later. He presented again to our hospital the next day with massive hematemesis and melena. At admission he was already in severe oligemic shock and succumbed shortly afterwards. Ulceration is caused by continuous me− chanical irritation of the mucosa opposite the distal end of the stent. Distal migra− tion or malpositioning are the causes of this complication. Furthermore, mucosal ulceration may be promoted by the sharp edges of metal stents [1]. To date, several cases of ulceration and bleeding caused by biliary SEMS have been reported [1± 3]. In most cases, bleeding was self−limit− ing. When indicated, endoscopic hemo− stasis successfully arrested the bleeding. APC is reported to be a safe, effective, and easy way to reduce stent length [2± 4]. Shortening of the stent, with or with− out endoscopic hemostasis, was enough to permanently correct the complication in the published cases. Fatal bleeding from SEMS−induced ulceration has never been reported, let alone after endoscopic trimming with APC. Metal stents are a valuable means of re− storing the continuity of the biliary tract. Choosing the correct size and accurate positioning are key factors to reducing complications. Furthermore, metal stents with rounded edges could reduce the risk of ulceration. Finally, longer hospitaliza− tion may be advisable when treating SEMS−induced bleeding ulcers.

Fatal upper gastrointestinal bleeding caused by a metal biliary stent despite stent shortening with APC