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A 78-year-old man who had previously undergone a cholecystectomy was admitted with symptoms of obstructive jaundice and cholangitis. The endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) showed a hypoechoic mass in the distal common bile duct (CBD) with no signs of vascular invasion or metastatic nodes (●" Fig.1). The patient underwent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), which revealed a filling defect of approximately 1.5cm (●" Fig.2) with severe obstruction at the mid CBD and upstream biliary dilatation. Cholangioscopy with SpyGlass (Boston Scientific, Natick, Massachusetts, USA) showed a superficially ulcerated exophytic mass arising from the bile duct mucosa with a CBD stricture (●" Fig.3; ●" Video1). Endoluminal biopsies performed with SpyBite (Boston Scientific) showed inflammatory changes of the epithelium with necrotic material. A stent was inserted through the stricture. He underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy. The gross appearance of the resected specimen showed a poorly demarcated intramural and exophytic mass measuring 3cm that was causing thickening of the duct wall. Histological examination revealed a proliferation of monotonous cells with round or oval nuclei with scanty pink cytoplasm. The cells were arranged in sheets with no organoid pattern. There were 20 mitotic figures per 10 high-power fields. There was evidence of necrosis and vascular invasion. The resection margins and lymph nodes were free of tumor. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that the neoplastic cells were positive for chromogranin A, synaptophysin, CD 56, with nuclear expression of P53 (●" Fig.4). The proliferation index (Mib-1) was <20%. Endocrine tumors originate from cells of the dispersed endocrine system, which are distributed inmany organs and tissues including the bile ducts [1]. Because of their rarity, pre-operative diagnosis of endocrine tumors is difficult. The presenting symptoms are usually secondary to the mass effect of the tumor and, because jaundice is the most common symptom, ERCP with cholangioscopy is considered the best approach for diagnosis and palliative treatment. However, such tumors are frequently misdiagnosed as a cholangiocarcinoma.

Neuroendocrine tumor of the extrahepatic bile duct: a tumor in an unusual site visualized by cholangioscopy