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Background: Like immune cells, platelets express toll-like receptors (TLR) on their surface membrane. TLR2 and TLR4 are able to recognize bacterial antigens and have the potential to influence hemostatic functions and classical intracellular signaling pathways. This study investigated the role of TLR2 and TLR4 for immune-related functions in human platelets.Material and Methods: Washed platelets and neutrophils were prepared from fresh human peripheral blood. Basal-, Pam3CSK4- (as TLR2 agonist) and LPS- (as TLR4 agonist) induced CD62P expression, fibrinogen binding and TLR2 or TLR4 expression, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in H2DCFDA loaded platelets and uptake of fluorescence-labeled TLR ligands and fluorophore-conjugated fibrinogen were evaluated by flow cytometry. Analysis of platelet-neutrophil complexes was performed after co-incubation of washed platelets and neutrophils in the presence and absence of TLR2 or TLR4 agonists on poly-L-lysine coated surfaces, followed by immunostaining and immunofluorescence imaging.Results: Pam3CSK4 rapidly and transiently increased TLR2 and TLR4 expression.  Over the course of 30 min after activation with Pam3CSK4 and LPS, the expression of both receptors decreased. Pam3CSK4 stimulated intracellular ROS production and the uptake of TLR ligands or fibrinogen much stronger than LPS. Besides, TLR4 activation led to a significant increase of platelet-neutrophil contacts.Conclusion: Stimulation leads to rapid mobilization of TLR2 or TLR4 to the platelet surface, presumably followed by receptor internalization along with bound TLR ligands. After activation, platelet TLR2 and TLR4 mediate different immune-related reactions. In particular, TLR2 induces intracellular responses in platelets, whereas TLR4 initiates interactions with other immune cells such as neutrophils.

Platelet Toll-Like-Receptor-2 and -4 Mediate Different Immune-Related Responses to Bacterial Ligands