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Thyroid function is conventionally assessed by measurement of thyroid-stimulatinghormone (TSH) and free circulating thyroid hormones, which is in most casessufficient for correct diagnosis and monitoring of treatment efficiency.However, several conditions exist, in which these parameters may be insufficientor even misleading. For instance, both, a TSH-secreting pituitary adenoma and amutation of thyroid hormone receptor β present with high levels of TSHand circulating hormones, but the optimal treatment is substantially different.Likewise, changes in thyroid hormone receptor α signaling are notcaptured by routine assessment of thyroid status, as serum parameters areusually inconspicuous. Therefore, new biomarkers are urgently needed to improvethe diagnostic management and monitor treatment efficiency for e. g.,replacement therapy in hypothyroidism or thyroid hormone resistance. Bycomparing animal models to human data, the present minireview summarizes thestatus of this search for new tissue- and pathway-specific biomarkers of thyroidhormone action.

Unraveling the Molecular Basis for Successful Thyroid Hormone Replacement Therapy: The Need for New Thyroid Tissue- and Pathway-Specific Biomarkers