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A 76-year-old man with a history of alcoholic liver cirrhosis presented with a 4-day history of melena. He had been diagnosed 30 months previously with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but chose to not receive further evaluation or treatment. Laboratory findings revealed severe anemia (hemoglobin 4.9g/dL) and liver dysfunction. A computed tomography (CT) scan demonstrated an enlarged HCC mass (10-cm diameter) located in the left lobe of the liver, compressing the stomach (▶Fig. 1). Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) detected a submucosal tumor with central ulceration in the lesser curvature of the stomach (▶Fig. 2). The patient was diagnosed with upper gastrointestinal (GI) hemorrhage caused by direct HCC invasion and angioembolization was performed to promote hemostasis. However, a follow-up CT scan revealed that the perigastric portion of the HCC remained viable and the possibility of recurrent bleeding remained a concern. In response, a polyglycolic acid (PGA) sheet (Neoveil; Gunze Co., Kyoto, Japan) and fibrin glue were endoscopically applied to the ulcerous lesion (▶Video1), implementing a method used in previous studies [1, 2]. An EGD 2 days after the procedure showed that the PGA sheet remained intact. The patient opted to be discharged and received palliative medical care at home. He had no subsequent recurrence of melena prior to his death from hepatic failure 14 days after the procedure. HCCwith direct invasion into the stomach is very rare and the prognosis is ominous owing to poor hepatic reserve and continuous bleeding from the lesion [3]. Moreover, a nonsurgical treatment, such as angioembolization, does not always achieve complete hemostasis [4]. Application of PGA sheets has been used to prevent perE-Videos

Gastrointestinal hemorrhage caused by the direct invasion of a hepatocellular carcinoma successfully treated with polyglycolic acid sheet shielding