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Tectona grandis  (teak) and  Vernonia amygdalina  (bitter leaf) are plants used in traditional medicine in West Africa. In this study, we tested ethanolic and hydro-ethanolic extracts of bark and leaves of  T. grandis  and ethanolic extract of leaves of  V. amygdalina  for their inhibitory effect on  Toxoplasma gondii , a protozoan parasite responsible for toxoplasmosis. Ethanolic extract of  V. amygdalina  leaves had proportional contents of phenols, tannins, flavonoids, and polysaccharides. This extract presented the highest efficacy against  T. gondii , the lowest cytotoxicity to mammalian cells, but moderate anti-oxidant activity compared to other plant extracts. Ethanolic extract of  T. grandis  bark also had elevated anti- T. gondii  activity, low cytotoxicity on mammalian cells, and one of the highest anti-oxidant activities. However, the phytochemical content of this extract was not very different from the hydro-ethanolic extract, which had no anti- T. gondii  activity. In addition, ethanolic extract of  V. amygdalina  leaves, but not of  T. grandis  bark, significantly increased the production of TNF-α and NO by antigen-presenting cells. Both extracts had the tendency to decrease expression of major histocompatibility complex molecules at the surface of antigen-presenting cells, while they did not modulate the percentage of apoptotic cells. A study of signalling pathways would help to determine the mechanisms of action of these plant extracts.

Extracts of Tectona grandis and Vernonia amygdalina have anti-Toxoplasma and pro-inflammatory properties in vitro