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Toxoplasma gondii  is an obligate intracellular apicomplexan parasite that infects almost all warm-blooded vertebrates. Heat shock proteins (HSP) regulate key signal transduction events in many organisms, and heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) plays an important role in growth, development, and virulence in several parasitic protozoa. Here, we discovered increased transcription of the  Hsp90  gene under conditions for bradyzoite differentiation, i.e. alkaline and heat shock conditions  in vitro , suggesting that Hsp90 may be connected with bradyzoite development in  T. gondii . A knockout of the  Tg Hsp90 strain ( ΔHsp90 ) and a complementation strain were constructed. The  Tg Hsp90 knockout cells were found to be defective in host-cell invasion, were not able to proliferate  in vitro  in Vero cells, and did not show long-time survival in mice  in vivo.  These inabilities of the knockout parasites were restored upon complementation of  Tg Hsp90. These data unequivocally show that  Tg Hsp90 contributes to bradyzoite development, and to invasion and replication of  T. gondii  in host cells.

The heat shock protein 90 of Toxoplasma gondii is essential for invasion of host cells and tachyzoite growth