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Infection with multiple parasite species is clearly the norm rather than the exception, in animals as well as in humans. Filarial nematodes and  Plasmodium  spp. are important parasites in human public health and they are often co-endemic. Interactions between these parasites are complex. The mechanisms underlying the modulation of both the course of malaria and the outcome of filarial infection are poorly understood. Despite increasing activity in recent years, studies comparing co- and mono-infections are very much in their infancy and results are contradictory at first sight. In this study we performed controlled and simultaneous co-infections of BALB/c mice with  Litomosoides sigmodontis  filaria and with  Plasmodium  spp. ( Plasmodium yoelii  17 XNL or  Plasmodium chabaudi  864VD). An analysis of pathological lesions in the kidneys and lungs and a parasitological study were conducted at different times of infection. Whatever the plasmodial species, the filarial recovery rate was strongly decreased. The peak of parasitaemia in the plasmodial infection was decreased in the course of  P. yoelii  infection but not in that of  P. chabaudi . Regarding pathological lesions,  L. sigmodontis  can reverse lesions in the kidneys due to the presence of both  Plasmodium  species but does not modify the course of pulmonary lesions. The filarial infection induces granulomas in the lungs.

Co-infection restrainsLitomosoides sigmodontisfilarial load and plasmodialP. yoeliibut notP. chabaudiparasitaemia in mice