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Hard ticks taken from the Japanese serow,  Capricornis crispus , in Yamagata Prefecture, Honshu, harboured infective larvae of onchocercid filariae after incubation from the 22nd to the 158th day.  Haemaphysalis flava  and  H. japonica  contained one to eight filarial larvae; females, males and a nymph of the ticks were infected. The 44 infective larvae recovered were 612–1,370 μm long, and 11 of them, 930–1,340 μm long, were studied in detail. The larvae possessed the morphologic characteristics of the larvae of the genus  Cercopithifilaria , namely an oesophagus with a posterior glandular part, no buccal capsule and a long tail with three terminal lappets. Five types (A to E) of infective larvae were identified based on the morphologic characteristics. While to date five species of  Cercopithifilaria  have been described from the Japanese serow, a specific identification of the larvae found in this study was generally not possible. Only type E larvae could be tentatively assigned to  Cercopithifilaria tumidicervicata , as they had a cervical swelling similar to that of the adults of this species. A key for the identification of the five larval types is presented. The study presents circumstantial evidences indicating that  H. flava  and  H. japonica  may transmit  Cercopithifilaria  spp. to Japanese serows. It also suggests the possibility that such filarial larvae will be found in hard ticks anywhere, because  Cercopithifilaria  is distributed worldwide, though this genus generally goes unnoticed, as its microfilariae occur in the skin, not in the blood, of host animals.

Infective larvae ofCercopithifilariaspp. (Nematoda: Onchocercidae) from hard ticks (Ixodidae) recovered from the Japanese serow (Bovidae)