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The outermost layer of the skin, the  stratum corneum , is essential for the protective barrier functions of the skin. It results from the stacking of corneocytes, the dead flattened cells resulting from epidermal terminal differentiation of underlying living keratinocytes. The cornified lipid envelope, encapsulating corneocytes, and the extracellular mortar-like multilayered lipid matrix, called  lamellae , are two crucial elements of the epidermal barrier.  Stratum corneum  extracellular lipids are mainly composed of ceramides, cholesterol and free fatty acids. Ceramides, and more specifically the epidermis specific ω-O-acylceramides, are essential for lipid-matrix organization into  lamellae  and formation of the corneocyte lipid envelope. Pathophysiological studies of inherited lipid metabolism disorders recently contributed to a better understanding of  stratum corneum  lipid metabolism. In the lab, our data from patients with Autosomal Recessive Congenital Ichthyosis and a murine knock-out model showed that the enzyme PNPLA1 is essential for the last step of synthesis of omega-O-acylceramides. Skin aging is a complex biological process caused by genetic and extrinsic factors  e.g.  sun exposure, smoke, and pollution. Aging skin is marked by a senescence-related decline in lipid and water content, which ultimately impairs epidermal barrier function. Thus, aged epidermis is prone to develop altered drug permeability, increased susceptibility to irritants contact dermatitis and severe xerosis. Ceramide deficiency may account, at least in part, for the dysfunction of the  stratum corneum  associated with ageing. Hence, treatments able to increase skin-ceramide levels could improve the epidermal barrier function in aged skin. Many animal testing and clinical trials are taken in that regard.

oilseeds and fats, crops and lipids/ocl. oilseeds and fats crops and lipids

Ceramides metabolism and impaired epidermal barrier in cutaneous diseases and skin aging: focus on the role of the enzyme PNPLA1 in the synthesis of ω-O-acylceramides and its pathophysiological involvement in some forms of congenital ichthyoses