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 Reconcile livestock farming development with management of ecosystems recognized as Common goods are at stake in many countries. But the actual way in which farmers use ecosystems and its vegetation to feed their herds remain under investigated. Qualifying the diversity of links between livestock farming and natural ecosystems is the objective of this article, by crossing two situations of familial livestock farming greatly contrasting each other regarding their ecological as well as socioeconomic conditions: small ruminant farming in southern Tunisia and dairy farming in Brazilian Amazonia. In both countries, herd feeding practices based on pasture are blamed for causing desertification and deforestation. We implemented a comprehensive and formalized approach, combining monitoring of livestock farming practices and an iterative categorisation. We identified different links between livestock strategies and ecosystems according to the function of natural resources in feeding the herds and the role of the livestock in the farms. Describing and explaining this diversity allowed us to deconstruct the reductive image of livestock farming devastating the ecosystems. Our results are discussed and allow us to propose research paths to reconcile livestock farming development with sustainable management of ecosystems and to question the nature of what is called “resources” for the farmers.Concilier développement de l’élevage et gestion d’écosystèmes reconnus comme biens communs est un enjeu pour de nombreux pays. Mais la manière dont les éleveurs utilisent réellement les écosystèmes, en particulier pour alimenter leurs troupeaux, reste peu explorée. Notre objectif est de qualifier la diversité des liens existant entre élevages et écosystèmes naturels en croisant deux situations d’élevage familial contrastées au niveau écologique et socioéconomique : petits ruminants en Tunisie, bovins laitiers au Brésil. En formalisant des types de pratiques et stratégies d’élevage, nous montrons que les écosystèmes locaux ne constituent pas toujours des ressources de même nature pour les éleveurs. Ces résultats nuancent leur responsabilité vis-à-vis de la dégradation des ressources dites naturelles et ouvrent de nouvelles questions de recherche pour concilier développement de l’élevage et gestion durable des ressources

Quels liens entre élevages et écosystèmes naturels ?