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1063 DOI : 10.1051/medsci/20143012003 9. Pajerowski JD, Dahl KN, Zhong FL, et al. Physical plasticity of the nucleus in stem cell differentiation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2007 ; 104 : 15619-24. 10. Bickmore WA, van Steensel B. Genome architecture: domain organization of interphase chromosomes. Cell 2013 ; 152 : 1270-84. 11. Nagano T, Lubling Y, Stevens TJ, et al. Single-cell Hi-C reveals cell-to-cell variability in chromosome structure. Nature 2013 ; 502 : 59-64. 12. Ying QL, Wray J, Nichols J, et al. The ground state of embryonic stem cell self-renewal. Nature 2008 ; 453, 519-23. 13. Chalut KJ, Höpfler M, Lautenschläger F, et al. Chromatin decondensation and nuclear softening accompany Nanog downregulation in embryonic stem cells. Biophys J 2012 ; 103, 2060-70. 14. K. E. Evans and A. Alderson. Auxetic materials: Functional materials and structures from lateral thinking! Adv Mater 2000 ; 12 : 617-23. 16. Kieffer E, Kuntz S, Viville S. Tour d’horizon des lignées de cellules souches pluripotentes. Med Sci (Paris) 2010 ; 26 : 848-54. 15. Umlauf D. Le génome intime... et en trois dimensions. Med Sci (Paris) 2014 (sous presse). 2. Paluch E, Heisenberg CP. Biology and physics of cell shape development in the cytoskeleton. Curr Biol 2009 ; 19 : R790-9. 3. Gardel ML, Schneider IC, Aratyn-Schaus Y, Waterman CM. Mechanical integration of actin and adhesion dynamics in cell migration. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2010 ; 26 : 315-33. 4. Lecuit T, Lenne PF, Munro E. Force generation, transmission, and integration during cell and tissue morphogenesis. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2011 ; 27 : 157-84. 5. Lombardi ML, Jaalouk DE, Shanahan CM, et al. The interaction between nesprins and sun proteins at the nuclear envelope is critical for force transmission between the nucleus and cytoskeleton. J Biol Chem 2011 ; 286 : 26743-53. 6. Swift J, Ivanovska IL, Buxboim A. et al. Nuclear lamin-A scales with tissue stiffness and enhances matrix-directed differentiation. Science 2013 ; 341 : 1240104. 7. Kind J, Pagie L, Ortabozkoyun H, et al. Single-cell dynamics of genome-nuclear lamina interactions. Cell 2013 ; 153 : 178-92. 8. Pagliara S, Franze K, McClain CR, et al. Auxetic nuclei in embryonic stem cells exiting pluripotency. Nat Mater 2014 ; 13 : 638-44. Ce travail est cependant un exemple d’approche multidisciplinaire appliquée à la biologie. La découverte d’un comportement auxétique dans le noyau de certaines cellules contribuera à long terme à mieux comprendre les rôles respectifs des signalisations, moléculaire et mécanique, sur la pluripotence, la différenciation et plus généralement sur le développement embryonnaire. ‡ Auxetic nuclei in embryonic stem cells

L’activité neuronale influence le développement des vaisseaux sanguins du cerveau