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A variety of nano-scale structural instabilities formed in different metastable β titanium alloys have been systematically investigated using advanced characterization techniques. The characteristics of three different types of nano-scale structural instabilities, the transformation mechanisms and pathways involved and the critical experimental conditions to generate such nano-scale phases will be reviewed and summarized, including athermal ω phase with hexagonal structure, O’ phase with orthorhombic structure, and incommensurate modulated nanodomains. The athermal ω phase has been observed in the as-quenched state in Ti-xMo (x=12, 15 and 18 1 ), Ti-18Mo-5Al, Ti-20V, Ti-5Fe, Ti-5Al-5Mo-5V-3Cr (Ti-5553) and Ti-24Nb-4Zr-8Sn (Ti-2448). O’ phase has been characterized to co-exist with athermal ω phase in the as-quenched state isomorphous titanium alloys, including Ti-26Zr-2Al (at.%), Ti-18Mo, Ti-18Mo-5Al, Ti-5553 and Ti-2448. Incommensurate modulated nanodomains were found in compositionally graded Ti-xFe alloy when the athermal ω phase is suppressed. These various nano-scale structural instabilities need to be taken into consideration when designing novel metastable β titanium alloys to optimize the mechanical performance by microstructure engineering.

Exploration of Nano-scale Structural Instabilities in Metastable β Titanium Alloys Using Advanced Electron Microscopy