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Extracts from dried flowers of Cynara cardunculushave been employed successfully for many centuries in Portugal and some regions of Spain for the manufacture of traditional cheeses. Sev- eral studies have been performed in vitro and in actual cheeses focusing on the activity and specificity of proteinases from C. cardunculus, in attempts to further characterise this plant coagulant as a proteolytic agent in cheese ripening. In vitro studies encompassed extraction conditions, storage of extracts, proteolysis and specificity on caseins using experimental conditions that parallel milk and cheese during ripening. In vivo studies encompassed the effect of the type of milk (bovine, ovine and caprine) in terms of proteolysis, specificity of those plant proteinases during ripening, comparison of microbiological, chemical, proteolytic and lipolytic characteristics in ovine milk cheeses relative to animal rennet counterparts, and effect of native microflora, thermal processing and addition of starter cultures in ovine cheeses. milk clotting enzyme / plant coagulant / cheese / ewe's milk / cow's milk / goat's milk / ripening Resume - Role de l'extrait coagulant de chardon (Cynara cardunculus) in vitro et au cours de l'affinage de fromages fabriques a partir de laits de plusieurs especes. L'extrait de fleurs sechees de Cynara cardunculusa ete employe avec succes depuis plusieurs siecles au Portugal et dans quel- ques regions d'Espagne pour la fabrication de fromages traditionnels. De nombreuses etudes ont ete realisees in vitro et en fabrication fromagere sur l'activite et la specificite des proteases de C. cardun- culus, dans le but de mieux caracteriser ce coagulant vegetal comme agent proteolytique dans l'affi- nage du fromage. Les etudes in vitro ont concerne les conditions d'extraction, la conservation des extraits, la proteolyse et la specificite sur les caseines en utilisant des conditions experimentales qui

Advances in the role of a plant coagulant (Cynara cardunculus) in vitro and during ripening of cheeses from several milk species