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Bird schistosomes are commonly established as the causative agent of swimmer's itch − a hyper-sensitive skin reaction to the penetration of their infective larvae. The aim of the present study was to investigate the prevalence of the genus  Bilharziella  in comparison to other bird schistosome species from Lake Drawsko − one of the largest recreational lakes in Poland, struggling with the huge problem of swimmer's itch. In total, 317 specimens of pulmonate snails were collected and examined. The overall digenean infection was 35.33%. The highest bird schistosome prevalence was observed for  Bilharziella  sp. (4.63%) in  Planorbarius corneus , followed by  Trichobilharzia szidati  (3.23%) in  Lymnaea stagnalis  and  Trichobilharzia  sp. (1.3%) in  Stagnicola palustris.  The location of  Bilharziella  sp. on the presented phylogeny showed that it is with high probability a different species than known so far  B. polonica . Our finding complements the confirmed occurrence of bird schistosomes in European water bodies. Overall, presented research reveals the special importance of  P. corneus  as a source of the bird schistosome cercariae. This study suggests that the health threat connected with the blood flukes need to be further investigated by constant monitoring of their occurrence in intermediate hosts.

The genus Bilharziella vs. other bird schistosomes in snail hosts from one of the major recreational lakes in Poland