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We investigated the ostracod assemblage structure in springs of a small lowland River Krąpiel valley. Environmental factors and the potential of ostracods as indicators of spring type were analysed. The analysis involved the type of spring, substrate, physicochemical parameters, and the river valley's hydrological status as environmental factors. A total of thirty ostracod species were recorded. The average count of ostracod individuals in a sample amounted to 100. The assemblages were dominated by juvenile  Candona  sp., juvenile  Psychrodromus  sp.,  Cypria ophtalmica , and  Cypridopsis vidua . The spring species accounted for less than 1% of the individual counts, except for juvenile  Psychrodromus  sp. with 21% and  Eucypris pigra  with 4%. The average number of taxa per spring was 5. The ostracod assemblages were significantly influenced by limnocrene springs, spring flooding by the river overflow, the presence of coarse leaf litter, the presence of fine organic matter, a high content of NH 4  as well as by BOD 5 , conductivity, pH, Fe, the river habitat modification index (RHM), the habitat modification score (HMS), and the river habitat quality (RHQ). The habitat conditions for the spring species appeared to be enhanced by the domination of mineral substrate over fine particulate organic matter, an elevated pH, the presence of leaf-derived organic matter, and the absence of flooding by the river. The spring species showed no association with the Krąpiel valley hydrological factors.

Environmental factors shaping assemblages of ostracods (Crustacea: Ostracoda) in springs situated in the River Krąpiel valley (NW Poland)