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Incompletely known fish assemblages and species diversity are substantial obstacles infish conservation, particularly when their aquatic habitats are under threat due to rapidhuman-induced changes. Fish assemblages and diversity in three tributaries of the upperIrrawaddy River in China (the Dulong, Daying and Ruili rivers) were examined based onfield collections and literature resources. The newly compiled fish assemblage recorded 85species (in 8 orders, 20 families and 51 genera) distributed in the upper Irrawaddy. Thefish compositions in the Daying (67 species, 44 genera, 19 families, 7 orders) and Ruilirivers (65 species, 44 genera, 19 families, 8 orders) were more similar to each other andmore speciose than that in the Dulong River (14 species, 10 genera, 4 families, 3 orders).Two indices of taxonomic diversity (the average taxonomic distinctness (Δ+), and thevariation in taxonomic distinctness (Λ+)) were used to discriminate fourcollections spanning a ten-year period. A decrease in taxonomic diversity and an increasein unevenness of the fish assemblages were found in both the Daying River and Ruilirivers, which indicated that the impacts were accumulated gradually during this decade,when dams and the spread of non-native species were major threats. Comparatively speaking,the Dulong River is still in a near-natural state, and thus the fish community hasexperienced less disturbance. In situ conservation (nature reserves andtributary protection) and ex situ conservation (artificial propagationand release) should be combined and managed to promote fish conservation in the future

Fish assemblages and diversity in three tributaries of the Irrawaddy River in China: changes, threats and conservation perspectives