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Transhumance - the summer transfer of livestock to highland pastures - is a traditional practice in the European Alps and is considered an integral part of the mountain ecosystem.Mountain lakes are generally oligotrophic systems and are particularly sensitive to the nutrient input caused by livestock. The aim of the present study was to quantify the impact of livestock grazing on the trophic state of high-altitude lakes in an area where transhumance is a traditional practice (Gran Paradiso National Park, Western Italian Alps), taking into account its dual value of ecosystem component and potential threat to lakes\u27 trophic status. The impact of flocks and herds grazing was estimated on sensitive parameters related to the trophic state of alpine lakes: water transparency, nutrient content, bacterial load and chlorophyll-a concentration. Transhumance produced a significant increase in the trophic state of lakes with high grazing pressure, but little or no effect was found at soft-impacted lakes. Even though heavy-impacted lakes represent a minority of the studied lakes (three out of twenty), we indicated conservation measures such as fencing, wastewater treatment and livestock exclosure to be tested in Gran Paradiso National Park.La transhumance, transfert estival du b?tail vers les p?turages d\u27altitude, est une pratique traditionnelle dans les Alpes europ?ennes consid?r?e comme une partie int?grante de l\u27?cosyst?me de la montagne. Les lacs de montagne sont g?n?ralement des syst?mes oligotrophes particuli?rement sensibles ? l\u27apport de nutriments caus? par le b?tail. Le but de la pr?sente ?tude a ?t? de quantifier l\u27impact du p?turage du b?tail sur l\u27?tat trophique des lacs d\u27altitude dans une zone o? la transhumance est une pratique traditionnelle (Parc National du Grand Paradis, ouest des Alpes italiennes), en tenant compte de sa double valeur de composante de l\u27?cosyst?me et de menace potentielle pour l\u27?tat trophique des lacs. L\u27impact du p?turage des troupeaux a ?t? estim? sur les param?tres sensibles li?s ? l\u27?tat trophique des lacs alpins : la transparence de l\u27eau, la teneur en ?l?ments nutritifs, la charge bact?rienne et la concentration en chlorophylle a. La transhumance produit une augmentation significative de l\u27?tat trophique des lacs o? la pression de p?turage est forte, mais peu ou pas d\u27effet a ?t? trouv? dans les lacs moins touch?s.M?me si les lacs tr?s impact?s repr?sentent une minorit? des lacs ?tudi?s (trois sur vingt), nous avons indiqu? les mesures de conservation telles que les cl?tures, l\u27?puration des eaux us?es et la mise en d?fens du b?tail ? tester dans le parc national du Grand Paradis

Ecological impact of transhumance on the trophic state of alpine lakes in Gran Paradiso National Park