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macrophyte–phytoplankton interactions were investigated using a dual laboratory and fieldapproach during a growing season, with responses quantified as changes in biomass.Short-term, close-range interactions in laboratory microcosms always led to mutualexclusion of macrophytes (Elodea canadensis or Ceratophyllumdemersum) and algae (Raphidocelis subcapitata,Fistulifera pelliculosa) or cyanobacteria (Synechococcusleopoliensis), suggesting regulation by positive feedback mechanisms,progressively establishing and reinforcing a “stable state”. Laboratory results suggestthat close-range regulation of R. subcapitata and F. pelliculosaby macrophytes was primarily via nutrient (N, P) mediation.Sprig-produced allelochemicals may have contributed to inhibition of S.leopoliensis in C. demersum presence, while S.leopoliensis was apparently enhanced by nutrients leaked by subhealthy(discolored leaves; biomass loss) E. canadensis. Seasonal changes inalgal growth suppression were correlated with sprig growth. Marginal differences inin situ phytoplankton patterns inside and outside monospecificmacrophyte stands suggest that the nutrient- and/or allelopathy-mediated close-rangemechanisms observed in the laboratory did not propagate at the macrophyte-stand scale.Factors operating at a larger scale (e.g., lake trophic state, extent ofsubmerged vegetation coverage) appear to override in situmacrophyte–phytoplankton close-range interactions

Seasonal and scale-dependent variability in nutrient- and allelopathy-mediated macrophyte–phytoplankton interactions