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In this study glochidia as most sensitive life-stage of bivalves were used to evaluatethe toxicity of copper, zinc and lead. Sensitivity of three species, Anodontaanatina,  Pseudanodonta complanata and Uniotumiduswere compared to copper and zinc, based on 24and 48 h LC50s. The copper 24 h LC50 showed the lowest value (26.8μg·L-1) for Uniotumidus glochidia. After 48 h exposure, closeLC50 values, 18.9 and 19.0 μg·L-1, were recordedfor A. anatina and U. tumidus glochidia,respectively. U. tumidus glochidia exhibited the highestsensitivity to zinc (48 h LC50 = 134.2 μg·L-1)followed by P. complanata (48 h LC50 = 201.6μg·L-1) and A. anatina (48 hLC50 = 233.5 μg·L-1). Toxicity of lead toP. complanata glochidia was estimated, 24 and 48 h LC50s oflead to 374.6 and 260.8 μg·L-1, respectively. No observedeffect concentrations (NOECs) for the tested metals exhibited species differences. AllNOECs exceeded environmental quality standards (EQS), therefore these species are at riskonly in such European freshwaters which have extreme concentration of these metals.Synergistic effect was reported for the combinations of Cu + Zn and Cu + Pb, additiveeffect was reported for Zn + Pb

Sensitivity of three unionid glochidia to elevated levels of copper, zinc and lead