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The vertical distribution, body orientation and mobility of pike free embryos were studied at 10 °C in 25-cm individual water columns. Five steps were identified: (1) a resting phase, up to day (D) 4 post-hatching; (2) an ascent phase (D1–D4); (3) a plateau (D5–D8), characterized by a wall-attachment behaviour in the subsurface zone; (4) a break-off phase (D9–D13); and (5) a final localization between mid-water and surface, corresponding to the air filling of the swim bladder and to the transition to active, horizontal swimming (D14–D17). Free embryos could be: side-lying (phase 1, late phase 4 and phase 5); lying upright (phases 4 and 5); vertically suspended with adhesion to the wall (phases 2–3 and early phase 4); and in oblique or horizontal position (phase 5). The opening of mouth and anus occurred during phases 2 and 3 and swim bladder filling started on days 13–14. Free embryo mobility was low and stable during the first 5 days and increased regularly thereafter to reach maximal levels on days 14–16. This research provides evidence for a more complex and more variable temporal pattern of free embryo vertical distribution, posture and mobility than previously thought

knowledge and management of aquatic ecosystems

Temporal changes in vertical distribution, body orientation and mobility of pike (<i>Esox lucius</i>L.) free embryos: Individual observations under controlled conditions

Temporal changes in vertical distribution, body orientation and mobility of pike (Esox luciusL.) free embryos: Individual observations under controlled conditions