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S pace exploration is on the verge of an exciting new era, with Mars on the agenda. Ambitious programmes on Mars exploration, Mars Sample Return (MSR) missions and the prospect of future manned missions have been recently presented by the main space agencies – ESA (European Space Agency), NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration), Roscosmos (Roscosmos State Corporation for Space Activities, Russian Federation) and JAXA (Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency) – often in partnership with private companies. Travelling to Mars is an extraordinary endeavour. The distance between Earth and Mars varies between 55 and 400 millions of kms, depending on the position of the planets on their orbits. The correct conjugation of trajectories implies that there is an optimal window for launching approximately every two years, corresponding to a launch along the Hohmann transfer orbit represented in figure 1, for a trip of around six months, and that in a manned mission astronauts would have to stay on Mars for about one year. Clearly, any local resources that can be used will reduce the logistics and costs of the mission, increase self-sufficiency and reduce risks to the crew. Hence the interest devoted nowadays to in-situ resource utilisation (ISRU), the harnessing of resources in the exploration site that would have to be brought from Earth otherwise. The main component of the Martian atmosphere is CO2, accounting for about 96% (with approximately 2% Ar and 2% N2). This is the resource of interest here. Indeed, carbon dioxide can be used as a raw material to locally produce oxygen, which can be collected and made available for breathing. The process relies on the decomposition of carbon dioxide LIVING ON MARS: HOW TO PRODUCE OXYGEN AND FUEL TO GET HOME

Living on mars: how to produce oxygen and fuel to get home