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It is extremely difficult to establish a coherent national research policy just because the sources of financing and the interest and responsibility of the parties in­ volved are all so varied. In Switzerland, for example, about 75% of the costs for R & D are carried by private enterprise, while about 25% are paid through the Federal and Cantonal governments. Under these conditions it is understandable that direct governmental influence on industrial R & D is limited. A comparable situation exists in other countries too, although the govern­ ment contributions generally represent a bigger share. One has also to consider the complexity and the often unpredictable development of the many scientific disciplines that have to be taken into account, as well as the necessity for maintaining academic free­ dom. It is hardly surprising therefore, that the United States and the countries in western Europe, at least, have not pursued over an extended period of time a science policy that is well-defined. The question arises whether it is possible or even sensi­ ble to formulate such an encompassing po­ licy which could inhibit the flexibility that is indispensable for scientific development. On the other hand, as many national science budgets are stagnating or declin­ ing, the pressure for a more explicit policy is mounting and is reinforced by the steady rise in research costs. This is evident in the case of research activities which are — directly or indirectly — supported by government funds. Research councils and analogous bodies are increasingly expected to play an active part in policy-making, especially by setting research priorities. Against this background of change, an attempt is made to outline the methods us­ ed to introduce and apply research priorities in western Europe with emphasis on funding agencies which are primarily concerned with the promotion of basic research. A study of the European Science Research Councils, a Standing Committee of the European Science Foundation, published under the title ESRC Review No. 12, "Science Research Council Priorities in Europe", Stockholm 1977*, and other in­ formation from funding bodies have been taken into consideration in the following survey.

Application of Research Priorities by Funding Agencies in Europe