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Protons and carbon ions have been extensively used for radiotherapy treatments, and in comparison to conventional radiotherapy, they allow a more conformal dose to the target tumor, especially in case of deep-seated tumors. However, the accuracy of hadron therapy treatments is affected by uncertainties in the particle range calculations. Several techniques are under development for in-vivo range verification, one of which consists on measuring the activity distributions of positron emitters, such as  10 C,  11 C and  15 O, which are produced in the patient body during proton and carbon ion treatments. A comparison between measured and expected positron emitter activity distributions can provide information on the quality of the delivered treatment and accuracy of the particle range calculations. In this work the FLUKA production cross sections for  10 C,  11 C and  15 O originated from proton and carbon ion beams in carbon and oxygen targets were compared with experimental data, at low and therapeutic energies.

Benchmarking of FLUKA production cross sections of positron emission tomography isotopes for in-vivo range verification in hadron therapy