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$SU(N)$ gauge theories on compact spaces have a non-trivial vacuum structurecharacterized by a countable set of topological sectors and their topologicalcharge. In lattice simulations, every topological sector needs to be explored anumber of times which reflects its weight in the path integral. Current latticesimulations are impeded by the so-called freezing of the topological chargeproblem. As the continuum is approached, energy barriers between topologicalsectors become well defined and the simulations get trapped in a given sector.A possible way out was introduced by L\"uscher and Schaefer using open boundarycondition in the time extent. However, this solution cannot be used for thermalsimulations, where the time direction is required to be periodic. In thisproceedings, we present results obtained using open boundary conditions inspace, at non-zero temperature. With these conditions, the topological chargeis not quantized and the topological barriers are lifted. A downside of thismethod are the strong finite-size effects introduced by the boundaryconditions. We also present some exploratory results which show how theseconditions could be used on an algorithmic level to reshuffle the system andgenerate periodic configurations with non-zero topological charge.

Thermal Simulations, Open Boundary Conditions and Switches