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The study aims to determine the concentration, size distribution and analyze the relationship of indoor and outdoor particles in urban area, in Vietnam. One thousand two hundred daily samples of PM 0.1 , PM 0.1-0.5 , PM 0.5-1 , PM 1-2.5 , PM 2.5-10 , PM &gt;10  were taken simultaneously at four residential houses in summer and winter by nano sampler (Model 3182, Kinomax). The average concentrations of indoor PM 0.1 , PM 0.5 , PM 1 , PM 2.5  and PM 10  were in range of 5.3-8.9 μg/m 3 ; 10.8-20.1μg/m 3 ; 20.5-47.6 μg/m 3 ; 33.7-105.9 μg/m 3  and 44.7-135.0 μg/m 3  among four houses, respectively. The concentrations of outdoor PM 2.5 , PM 10  were considerately higher than those of indoor PM, whereas negligible differences on concentrations of PM 0.1 , PM 0.5  and PM 1  were observed. The significantly seasonal variation was observed for indoor PM 1 , PM 2.5  and PM 10 , but not for PM 0.1  and PM 0.5 . Majority of indoor fractions were origin from outdoor sources. Unimodal distributions of indoor particles determined the super-micron size (1 to 2.5 μm) with highest concentration and PM  10  with lowest concentration. Fine particles with interval sizes (PM 0.5-1  and PM 1-2.5 ) contributed to the predominance to coarse particles in both indoors and outdoors, suggesting serious threat on human health.

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Seasonal variation of size-fractionated particulate matter in residential houses in urban area in Vietnam: relationship of indoor and outdoor particulate matter and mass size distribution