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During renewable energy system design, parameters are generally fixed or characterized by a precise distribution. This leads to a representation that fails to distinguish between uncertainty related to natural variation (i.e. future, aleatory uncertainty) and uncertainty related to lack of data (i.e. present, epistemic uncertainty). Consequently, the main driver of uncertainty and effective guidelines to reduce the uncertainty remain undetermined. To assess these limitations on a grid-connected household supported by a photovoltaic-battery system, we distinguish between present and future uncertainty. Thereafter, we performed a robust design optimization and global sensitivity analysis. This paper provides the optimized designs, the main drivers of the variation in levelized cost of electricity and the effect of present uncertainty on these drivers. To reduce the levelized cost of electricity variance for an optimized photovoltaic array and optimized photovoltaic-battery design, improving the determination of the electricity price for every specific scenario is the most effective action. For the photovoltaic-battery robust design, the present uncertainty on the prediction accuracy of the electricity price should be addressed first, before the most effective action to reduce the levelized cost of electricity variance can be determined. Future work aims at the integration of a heat demand and hydrogen-based energy systems.

Robust design optimization of a renewable-powered demand with energy storage using imprecise probabilities