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Small-scale hybrid energy systems are often composed by different power production technologies and adopted in mini-grids. In this work, a Mixed Integer Linear Programming optimization algorithm has been developed to compute the optimal scheduling of a micro-grid constituted by Internal Combustion Generators (ICGs) and a Storage System that can be either a conventional battery storage system or a Pumping Hydro energy Storage (PHES) based on Pump-as-Turbines. The algorithm computes the optimal energy generation scheduling of the micro-grid, minimizing a multi-objective fitness function constituted by the total costs of the energy system and the total CO 2  and NO x  emissions. In particular, the emissions are modelled with varying trends depending on the ICG load and not with constant values, which represents a simplification that is often adopted but that can induce misleading results. Furthermore, the algorithm takes into account all the physical constraints related to the generators and the storage system, such as maximum and minimum power generation, ramp-up and ramp-down limits and minimum up and down-time. The two energy storage technologies are compared and results show that a management strategy based on this algorithm can reduce significantly the total emissions of the system.

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Comparison of Batteries and Pumping Hydro with PaTs as energy storage technologies for a micro-hybrid generation system: Multi-objective optimization through a MILP algorithm