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Three components are typically needed to extract geothermal energy from the subsurface: 1. hot rock, 2. a heat transfer fluid, and 3. flow pathways contacting the fluid and the rock. These naturally occur in many locations resulting in hydrothermal systems, however there are enormous regions containing hot rock that do not naturally have adequate fluid, and/or appropriate fluid permeability to allow hot fluid extraction. Some type of engineering or enhancement of these systems would be required to extract the energy. These enormous regions provide the possibility of long-term extraction of significant quantities of energy. Enhanced (or engineered) Geothermal Systems (EGS) are engineered reservoirs created to extract economical amounts of heat from low permeability and/or porosity geothermal resources. There are technological challenges that must be addressed in order to extract the heat. These include proper stimulation, effective monitoring, reservoir control, and reservoir sustainability. The US DOE Geothermal Technologies Office and geothermal agencies from other countries have supported field tests over a range of scales and conditions. A current US field project, the EGS Collab Project, is working nearly a mile deep in crystalline rock at the Sanford Underground Research Facility (SURF) to study rock stimulation under EGS stress conditions. We are creating intermediate-scale (tens of meters) test beds via hydraulic stimulation and are circulating chilled water to model the injection of cooler water into a hot rock which would occur in an EGS, gathering high resolution data to constrain and validate thermal-hydrological-mechanical-chemical (THMC) modeling approaches. These validated approaches would then be used in the DOE’s flagship EGS field laboratory, Frontier Observatory for Research in Geothermal Energy (FORGE) underway in Milford, Utah and in commercial EGS. In the EGS Collab project, numerous stimulations have been performed, characterized, and simulated and long-term flow tests have been completed.

The EGS Collab Project: An intermediate-scale field test to address enhanced geothermal system challenges