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Elastic waves obtained from transducers are widely used to monitor the strength and integrity of cementitious materials. A pair of bender elements (BEs) and piezo disk elements (PDEs) embedded in a cuboid mould are applied to monitor elastic waves passing through a cementitious material known as a flowable fill at early age. The flowable fills used in this study are mixed with calcium sulfoaluminate cement, sand, silt, fly ash, water, and an accelerator. Compressional and shear waves acquired from the PDEs and BEs, respectively, are observed for up to 72 hrs. Results show that the compressional and shear wave velocities increased with curing time. The sensors can be used effectively to monitor the hardening characteristics of flowable fills at early age, and the BEs are particularly suitable for evaluating the hardening conditions of flowable fills as a result of the wide variation in shear wave velocities.

Characteristics of elastic waves passing through a flowable fill at early age