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The structure of free-surface flows is experimentally investigated in a laboratory flume with a compound cross-section consisting of a central main channel (MC) and two adjacent floodplains (FPs). The study focuses on the effects of transverse currents on: (i) mixing layers and quasi-two-dimensional coherent structures at the interfaces between MC and FPs; (ii) secondary currents developing across the channel; and (iii) large and very-large-scale motions that were recently observed in non-compound open channel flows. Transverse currents represent spanwise depth- and time-averaged flow from MC to FPs or vice versa. The study is based on one-point and two-point ADV measurements. Streamwise non-uniform flows are generated by imposing an imbalance in the discharge distribution between MC and FPs at the flume entrance, keeping the total flow rate the same for all scenarios. It is shown that even small transverse currents can be very effective in flow modification, as they can significantly displace the mixing layer, shear-layer turbulence, and coherent structures towards MC or FP, depending on the current direction. They can also alter the distribution and strength of the secondary currents. The interactions of quasi-two-dimensional coherent structures, very-large-scale motions, and secondary currents at different conditions are also part of this study.

Flow structure in compound open-channel flows in the presence of transverse currents