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mdash; Inbreeding coefficients of queens and workers of 5581 controlled mated colonies were estimated. During a period of over 30 years inbreeding increased by 0.15% in queens and 0.06% in workers per year. The highest inbreeding coefficients were 44% in individual queens and 45% in individual worker groups, respectively. Using partial regression, the importance and consequences of inbreeding on colony traits were ascertained. Inbreeding seems to affect the two castes differently. Colony performance with regard to honey and wax is significantly depressed (-6% and -8%, respectively, per 1 % inbreeding) by the inbreeding of the workers. In our material, inbreeding of queens did not affect colony efficiency except when workers were also inbred. Workers can compensate for inbreeding depression of queens, but the reverse is not true. Inbreeding of workers leads to calmer and less aggressive colony behaviour, whereas inbreeding of queens has the opposite effect. Swarming tendency increased with increased inbreeding of workers. In contrast, queens with moderate inbreeding have colonies with the highest swarming tendency. Honey production, calmness during examination and swarming tendency show significant interactions between the inbreeding level of queens and workers.

Inbreeding effects of queen and workers on colony traits in the honey bee