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Intended and unintended radio emissions from satellites can interfere withsensitive radio telescopes in the frequency ranges of key experiments inastrophysics and cosmology. We detect strong intended and unintendedelectromagnetic radiation from Starlink satellites at the site of the futureSKA-Low facility in Western Australia, using an SKA-low prototype station knownas the Engineering Development Array version 2 (EDA2). We aim to show thatStarlink satellites are easily detectable utilising a configuration of lowfrequency radio antennas representative of an SKA-Low 'station' and that ourresults complement similar findings with the LOFAR telescope. Utilising theEDA2 at frequencies of 137.5 MHz and 159.4 MHz, we detect trains of Starlinksatellites on 2023-03-17/18 and 2021-11-16/17, respectively, via the formationof all-sky images with a frequency resolution of 0.926 MHz and a timeresolution of 2 s. Time differencing techniques are utilised to isolate andcharacterise the transmissions from Starlink and other satellites. We observeStarlink satellites reaching intensities of $10^6$ Jy/beam, with the detectedtransmissions exhibiting a range of behaviours, from periodic bursts to steadytransmission. The results are notable because they demonstrate that Starlinksatellites are detected in the SKA-Low frequency range, transmitting bothintentionally and unintentionally. Follow-up work and discussion are needed toidentify the cause of this unintentional radiation as it has the potential tointerfere with SKA-Low science. Our results indicate that both intended andunintended radiation from Starlink satellites will be detrimental to key SKAscience goals without mitigation. Continued conversation with SpaceX couldpotentially result in future mitigations which the EDA2 instrument couldefficiently monitor and characterise at the SKA-Low site.

astronomy and astrophysics

Detection of intended and unintended emissions from Starlink satellites  in the SKA-Low frequency range, at the SKA-Low site, with an SKA-Low station  analog